Types And Classification Of Movement Disorder: How They’re Treated?

Searching for the best treatment of movement disorder?

Immediately contact Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh as he is one of the top neuropsychiatrist in Patna for movement disorder treatment in Patna.

But before that, let us know more about the movement disorder.

What is a Movement Disorder?

A movement disorder is a neurological syndrome that affects how we control our movements, both on purpose and automatically.

These disorders can cause…

too much movement (hyperkinetic, like shaking, twitching, or jerking, or
too little movement (hypokinetic), like stiffness, slowness, or not being able to move at all.

They can be caused by genes, brain injuries, infections, drugs, or diseases that affect the brain like Parkinson’s.

Movement disorder often start from problems in parts of the brain that control movement.

Treatment can include deep brain stimulation, physical therapy, or medicine, depending on the specific condition.

Although movement disorder is not life-threatening, you may lose your ability to perform daily tasks and live independently.

What are the Types of Movement Disorders?

Some of the most common types of movement disorders ranging from subtle to disabling include the following:

Dystonia

Sustained involuntary muscle contractions with repetitive movements and twisting are involved in Dystonia.

Focal Dystonia may affect just one part of the body and generalized Dystonia the entire body.

Ataxia

Ataxia affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain controls coordinated movement.

This movement disorder causes symptoms like uncoordinated or impaired balance, limb movements, or speech.

Chorea

Signs of cursory, irregular, repetitive, and somewhat brief involuntary movements typically involving the face, mouth, limbs, and trunk are characterized by chorea.

Cervical Dystonia

This condition features long-running spasms or contractions or intermittent contractions of the neck muscle resulting in the neck to turn in various ways.

Huntington’s Disease

It is a neurodegenerative disorder that is inherited progressive and causes weakened cognitive abilities, uncontrolled movements, and psychiatric conditions.

Functional Movement Disorder

This condition does not occur due to neurological disease but resembles any of the movement disorders.

Myoclonus

This disorder causes quick as flash jerks of a muscle or a group of muscles.

Multiple System Atrophy

It is an uncommon progressive neurological disorder that affects many brain systems and causes other movement disorders like ataxia or Parkinsonism.

Parkinson’s Disease

Conditions like tremor, rigidity, imbalance, bradykinesia are caused by this slow-progressive neurodegenerative disorder.

It shows non-movement symptoms as well.

Restless Legs Syndrome

This movement disorder results in irksome, abnormal feelings in the legs while lying down or relaxing.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

This is a rare neurological condition that may resemble Parkinson’s disease and causes problems with balance, walking, and eye movements.

Tardive Dyskinesia

It results in repetitive and involuntary movements like grimacing, eye blinking, etc, and is caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs.

Essential Tremor

This movement disorder causes uncontrolled rhythmic shaking of parts of the body such as both hands or arms or fingers.

Tourette’s syndrome

It is associated with repetitive motor tics and vocal tics and starts between childhoods and teenage years.

Wilson’s disease

This distinct inherited condition causes an excessive copper build-up in the body resulting in neurological problems.

If you have movement problems because of any of the above conditions, it’s a good idea to see Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh neuropsychiatrist in Patna Bihar for the best treatment.

Classification of Movement Disorders

Movement disorders can be classified based on the type of movement affected, the causative events behind the movement disorders, or the age of onset of symptoms.

1: Classification Based on Movement Type

Hypokinetic Disorders (Decreased Movement)

Hypokinetic movement disorders are those characterized by reduced movement, stiffness, or slowness (bradykinesia).

Few such examples are:

Parkinson’s Disease:

Progressive slowness of movement (bradykinesia).
Rigidity increases.
Tremors, especially at rest.
Reduced facial expressions and instigating movements.

Hyperkinetic Disorders (Increased movement)

Hyperkinetic disorders involve excessive and often uncontrolled involuntary movement.

Some examples are:

Huntington’s Disease:

An inherited disorder that progresses to loss of control over movement.
Chorea is uncontrolled, dance-like movements.
Rigidity, with cognitive decline.

Dystonia:

Abnormal sustained contraction of muscles.
Can be focal (one body part) or generalized (whatever is affected instrument-wise).

Mixed Movement Disorders

Some diseases have mixed hypo- and hyperkinetic features, and a prominent example is:

Cerebral Palsy (Some Forms):

Refers to both excess control and reduced power of movement.
Affects muscle tone and posture, and motor activities.
May be associated with stiffness (spasticity) or jerkiness (dystonia).

2: Classification Based on Etiology (Cause)

Primary (Idiopathic) Movement Disorders

This group of disorders does not have extrinsic causative factors and resorts either to some genetic determinism or to degenerative processes.

Examples include:

Parkinson’s disease: Degeneration of neurons supplying dopamine, generally at a slow pace.
Essential tremor: Frequently familial, but outside causes are not known till now.

Secondary (Symptomatic) Movement Disorders

These are disorders that can be traced to identifiable causes, including injury, infection, or toxins.

Examples include:

Stroke-induced movement disorders: Damage in specific areas of the brain that affects the control of motor function.
Long-term-use drug-induced dyskinesia: Some drugs, like antipsychotics, can induce involuntary movements.
Toxic agent effects (in poisons): Can harm the nervous system, leading to abnormal involuntary movements.

Functional (Psychogenic) Movement Disorders

These disorders could be associated with psychological conditions, whereby stricto non-injury findings in the neurological structures cause this class of disorders.

They are characterized by:

Sudden onset of tremors, spasms, or gait disturbances.
Moving through time,e inconsistent involuntary movements.
No site of injury to the nervous system in other medical examinations.

3: Classification by Age of Onset

Congenital or Early Childhood Onset

Some movement disorders show clinical features in infancy or early childhood and have a predominant genetic causation.

For instance:

Congenital Dystonia: Muscle contractions and abnormal posture from birth.
Hereditary Ataxias: Poor coordination since very early, genetically dependent disorders.

Adult-Onset Movement Disorder

The bulk of movement disorders are, in fact, neurodegenerative and may manifest years later.

Examples:

Parkinsonism: Generally after 50 or so years.
Huntington’s Disease: Usually between 30 and 50.

In short, there are two main types of movement disorders: hyperkinetic (excessive movements) and hypokinetic (reduced movements).

Some conditions can have both types.

To get the right diagnosis, doctors relies on clinical evaluation, imaging, and sometimes genetic testing.

Finding these disorders early and getting the right treatment can greatly improve the lives of those affected.

Causes and Risk Factors of Movement Disorders

There can be many main reasons for movement disorders. Knowing what might be causing it can help with early diagnosis and better treatment.

The main factors include:

Genetic Factor

Many movement disorders are passed down from parents to their children. One example is a specific change in a gene that causes these disorders.

Huntington’s Disease: Causative of a family disorder due to mutation of the gene HT, T, causing progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.
Dystonia: The mutations for specific types and genes include DYT1 gene mutations within the framework of genetic deficiencies.
Hereditary Ataxias: Like Friedreich’s ataxia, it’s inherited genetic mutations that therefore greatly affect the cerebellum resulting i,n loss of coordination and balance.
Parkinson’s Disease: Mostly idiopathic, but a small number would have a family history, and there are cases where mutations of the LRRK2 or PARK genes are involved.

Environmental Factors

Some environmental factors may help cause movement disorders.

These factors do not directly lead to the disorder but can make harmful effects worse or start symptoms in people who are more likely to have them.

Here are some examples:

Toxic Exposure: Being around certain metals like lead or manganese and pesticides can increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease and other movement problems.
Medications: Some drugs, like certain antipsychotics or anti-nausea medications, can cause a movement problem called tardive dyskinesia.
Infections: Movement disorders can also happen after infections in the nervous system, such as viral or bacterial infections. For example, after severe brain inflammation from encephalitis, a person may develop Parkinson’s-like symptoms.

Other Medical Conditions

Movements can be secondary to another condition and thus cause movement disorders, like:

Stroke: Damage to the motor-control areas of the brain causes abnormal movements like hemiballismus (involuntary, flinging movements of the limbs).
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Severe head trauma that disrupts needed neural pathways supportive of movement control may result in tremors, dystonia, or ataxia.
Metabolic Disorders: Conditions such as Wilson’s disease (a disorder that causes copper buildup in the body) can lead to neurological symptoms, including tremors, dystonia, and bradykinesia.
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Progressive conditions like multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) can cause a combination of movement and cognitive impairments.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Movement Disorders

Movement disorders have many signs and symptoms that can differ between disorders and can also change in severity.

Recognizing these signs early is important for getting the right medical help quickly.

Common symptoms of movement disorders include:

Tremors or Involuntary Movements

A tremor is an involuntary and somewhat rhythmic movement of hands and head, or voice, and it is due to the essential tremor.
Parkinsonian tremors are present during the rest of the subject and usually start on one side of the body.
Dystonic tremors come about in certain postures or tasks.

Stiffness or Rigidity of Muscles

It’s an occasional symptom with PD, and here the muscles are stiff and resistant, impairing movement.
The muscle can also have stiffness, which is termed spasticity.

Other Implications: Like Involuntary Contraction

With dystonia, the lengthened contractions lead to twisting movements and postures that are not normal.
In chorea, the sudden involuntary muscle contractions jerk and seem unanticipated.

Difficulties in Coordination and Balance

Ataxia brings about incoordinated walking, speaking, and fine motor activities.
Ataxic gait disturbances are among the cardinal features identified with degenerative conditions, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA).

Slow or Less Movements (Bradykinesia)

Bradykinesia is a salient symptom of Parkinson’s disease since it incapacitates the ability to initiate and carry out movements.
Facial expression may be restrained (masked face), and gait was shuffling.

Sudden Muscle Jerks: Myoclonus

Myoclonic jerks are brief, shock-like muscle contractions affecting mainly the arms and legs.
Other instances of sudden muscle jerks may result from epilepsy, metabolic disturbances, or damage to the brain.

Key Takeaway: Movement disorders make you move too much (like shaking or jerking) or too little (like being slow or stiff). They can also affect speech, balance, or thinking. Getting medical help early is very important for the right diagnosis and treatment.

Movement Disorders Journal

First published in 1986, Medical Disorders Journal is a peer-reviewed medical journal that highlights original research related to both the disciplines of clinical neurology and basic science topics.

It is the official journal of the Internal Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

The performance measure based on the yearly average number of citations to currently published articles during the last two years is basically the impact factor of an academic journal.

The Movement Disorders impact factor 2019-2020 has been updated to be 7.180.

You can find many movement disorder PowerPoint presentations and PDFs to download.

They have a lot of information about different common and rare movement disorders and their treatments, like tremors, Parkinson’s disease, chorea, dyskinesia, and dystonia.

Living with a Movement Disorder

The main ideas for living with movement disorders are ongoing treatment and changing your lifestyle.

These disorders can be hard to handle, but having a clear care plan can help a person live a more positive life.

1: Regular Medical Follow-Up

It is important to regularly follow up with a neurologist and a movement disorder specialist for continued clinical monitoring.

Follow-ups will also help:

Establish the progression of the disease so that changes in the therapeutic options may follow.
Manage the side effects of treatments.
Look into advanced therapy (eg, DBS) if symptoms start deteriorating.

2: Support Networks and Mental Well-Being

Support groups are relieving, healing, and practical networks.

Organizations like the Parkinson’s Foundation, Huntington’s Disease Society, and Dystonia Medical Research Foundation will support the community.
Counseling and mental health support are paramount, as many movement disorders are highly correlated with depressive and anxious states of mind.

3: Lifestyle Changes

a) Diet and Nutrition

An appropriate diet will support neurological functioning and overall well-being.
Patients with Parkinson’s will benefit from a diet full of antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber.
Patients with Wilson’s disease need to avoid copper in their meals, such as from shellfish and nuts.

b) Regular Exercise

Exercise helps maintain muscle strength, flexibility, and coordination.

Useful activities would include:

Tai Chi and Yoga for balance and flexibility.
Swimming is for low-impact movement of muscles.
Dancing (like in tango therapy) for mobility and rhythm for patients with Parkinson’s.

4: Stress Management

Relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing exercises help reduce muscle tension.
Music therapy and art therapy help improve control of movement and foster emotional wellness.

5: Mobility and Independent Living Aids

Many individuals with movement disorders would benefit from assistive tools to facilitate their mobility and daily living activities.

a) Walking Aids

Canes, walkers, and rollators provide stability for those with ataxia or Parkinson s-related gait problems.

b) Adaptive Utensils

Weighted soup spoons and forks allow individuals with tremors to eat better.

c) Voice-Activated Devices

Smart home technology allows individuals with limited mobility to operate lights, appliances, and communication devices with their voice.

What are Movement Disorders Treatment Methods?

Unfortunately, many movement disorder cases cannot be cured. Your condition may require watchful waiting or aggressive treatment.

But the goal of the movement disorder treatment is to relieve pain by minimizing the symptoms.

The prescribed medications or injections by your neuropsychiatrist may include:

Anti-seizure medications to decrease tremors in the hands or fingers.
Beta-blockers for reducing shaking and other related physical symptoms.
Anti-anxiety medicines, which work on the central nervous system and relaxes the muscles to provide short-term comfort from spasms.
Botulinum toxin to block chemicals like neurotransmitters in the brain that can result in muscle spasms.
Anticholinergic agents for the treatment of Dystonia by lowering the effects of acetylcholine, a brain chemical. This may reduce tremors and muscle rigidity.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment option that stimulates the areas of your brain that controls movements by using an implant.

These complex treatment procedures must be assessed by a professional and experienced doctor like Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh, the best neuropsychiatrist in Patna Bihar.

Movement Disorder Treatment in Patna

Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh is ranked amongst the top doctors for movement disorder treatment in Patna.

Through his dedication, he has earned a sought-after reputation as the best neuropsychiatrist in patna for treating movement disorder problems.

Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh has worked as a neuropsychiatrist doctor at AIIMS and PMCH Patna.

He also studied medicine at a well-known government medical college and completed his advanced degree in Pune.

Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh, a neuropsychiatrist in Patna, would:

Use his knowledge of brain and mental health to help with movement disorders like Parkinson’s or Huntington’s, which can also affect mood and thinking.
Provide personalized care in an area where there may not be many specialized services like in bigger cities.
Focus on outpatient or daycare treatments, which means patients won’t have to stay in the hospital for a long time—this is important for healthcare in Patna.
Teach patients and their families how to manage long-term health issues, which is important for better health outcomes.

Being a high-profile neuropsychiatrist for movement disorder treatment in Patna, Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh’s treats his patients while making sure of a lower rate of compilations and intense care. That is why he has acquired a high patient satisfaction score.

There is a reason why Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh is considered as the ultimate. He has more than 10 years of experience in the field of medicine and has a wide selection of publications of high repute.

Therefore, if you wish to get the finest movement disorder treatment in Patna, for yourself or your loved ones, then Dr. Vivek Pratap Singh is the person you should seek.